1. Corruption in transition countries: its genesis, causes, main forms
Corruption = Monopoly + Discretion – Accounting
By the beginning of ’90s one of the biggest problems for the transition countries was shadow economy, and the main objective of the state policy in this domain was supposed to be the creation of conditions for the incorporation of shadow economy into the formal one. During the last years the problem modified into a national tragedy for a series of countries – corruption. Corruption in many cases undertook the mechanisms, structures, and functions of the state. If at the beginning of the decade corruption in transition countries served in a big part as a brake to the economic development, creating obstacles for local producers and pushing out the potential foreign investors, then, actually it simply blocks the reforms in the country. Any attempt to improve the acting legislation does not have any positive expected effects due to the impact of corruption; the economy does not develop according to market rules, there are no competition and progress in utilizing the disposable resources, state debts grow spontaneously, pauperization of the society deepens, a decrease of population’s credibility in the state and a creation of a conflict situation take place.
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Source: ECONOMIC SURVEY: Moldova in Transition, Center for Strategic Studies and Reforms, N1, Chisinau, July 1998
3.5 Shadow economy
The shadow economy in transition countries, especially in NIS, differs to some extend from shadow economies in developed counties. This is manifested in the fact that the state sector is very active in realizing shadow economic transactions, often the state property is used for obtaining unofficial personal gains by the state employees. A clear divide between the official and nonofficial sectors is absent, the labor force of the underground sector includes high skilled professionals. The shadow economy in NIS countries grew up so substantially not only because of the economic decline, but also as a result of involving in the privatization process of new objects – land, assets of enterprises, etc.
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Economic collapse or the informalization of the economy?
Monday, 16 February 2009
Source: MOLDOVA IN TRANSITION: Economic survey, N2, Center for Strategic Studies and Reforms, Chisinau, November 1998
4.7 Economic collapse or the informalization of the economy?
The economic evolution of the Republic of Moldova, similar to other countries in transition, may be characterized by a deep decline. Even if 1997 marked a small growth in GDP, formed about 37% of the level of 1990. The accuracy of this almost three-fold decline, accompanied by an extension of constructions, of the private fleet, of durable goods sails, rises doubts. Undeclared incomes, tax evasion and shadow economy are discussed more and more.
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Corruption phenomenon: increasing threat for the economy
Monday, 16 February 2009
Source: MOLDOVA IN TRANSITION, Economic survey, N3, Center for Strategic Studies and Reforms, Chisinau, April 1999
4.3. Corruption phenomenon: increasing threat for the economy
Corruption = Monopoly + Discretion – Accounting
The large-scale spread of corruption and shadow economy are phenomena characteristic to a country in transition. Since the beginning of ’90s, in the Republic of Moldova these phenomena keep intensifying. As preconditions for that could be mentioned the weakness of the newly formed state and its structures, contradictions and lack of transparency of the legislation system, dismemberment of state, inefficiency of customs service, low wages of state employees. The large spread of this phenomenon represents a threat to the security of the state. If by the beginning of ’90s one of the biggest problems for the transition countries was shadow economy, and the main objective of the state policy in this domain was supposed to be the creation of conditions for the incorporation of shadow economy into the formal one, then during the last years the problem modified into a national tragedy for a series of countries – corruption. Corruption in many cases undertook the mechanisms, structures, and functions of the state.
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